As United States and Iranian negotiators prepare to meet in Switzerland to formally sign the Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), experts believe several major obstacles could still prevent a comprehensive peace agreement from becoming a reality. While the interim deal has reduced immediate tensions and created optimism, the toughest issues remain unresolved.
One of the most significant challenges involves Iran’s nuclear programme. The United States wants strict guarantees that Iran will never develop nuclear weapons and has pushed for the removal or destruction of Iran’s highly enriched uranium stockpile. Iran, however, opposes surrendering its nuclear material and insists on maintaining certain nuclear rights. Differences over uranium enrichment levels and future international inspections could become major sticking points during negotiations.
Another critical issue is the future management of the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most important oil shipping routes. Although the waterway is scheduled to reopen under the MoU, disagreements remain over who will control and regulate maritime traffic. The United States favors unrestricted navigation, while Iran seeks to maintain a supervisory role in the strategic passage.
Economic concerns are also expected to dominate discussions. Iran wants the immediate lifting of sanctions and access to billions of dollars in frozen assets. Washington, however, prefers a gradual approach that links sanctions relief to Iran’s compliance with future commitments. This disagreement could slow progress toward a final settlement.
Regional security remains another potential challenge. Israel’s position on the agreement could influence future developments, particularly regarding tensions involving Iran aligned groups in the Middle East. Any renewed military escalation could place additional pressure on the peace process.
Negotiation styles may also create difficulties. President Donald Trump is known for pushing for quick agreements, while Iranian officials traditionally favor lengthy and detailed negotiations. This difference could complicate efforts to reach a comprehensive deal within the proposed 60 day timeframe.
Despite these challenges, both countries appear motivated to avoid renewed conflict. However, analysts believe that building trust, resolving technical disputes, and achieving lasting commitments will require patience and continued diplomacy before a final agreement can be secured.
